[57] Families with two daughters are twice as likely to have a third child than families with at least one son, presumably with the hopes that this one will be a boy. In January 2016, China began to implement the universal two-child policy to al- leviate a series of problems caused by the traditional one-child policy. [7] The ongoing Cultural Revolution and the strain it placed on the nation were large factors. [20] According to The Economist, the new two-child policy may have negative implications on gender roles, with new expectations for women to bear more children and to abandon their careers. Others criticized the two-child policy for not going far enough. [20] To add, another concern for couples would be the high costs of raising another child; China's childcare system needs to be further developed. Families making a new benefit claim (or whose circumstances change) will have the 2-child policy applied to them irrespective of when their children were born. [1][2] The new policy allowing Chinese couples to have two children was proposed in order to help address the aging issue in China. In Singapore, the two-child policy until the 1980s was called "Stop at Two". Depending on the specific location, district governments charged fines ranging from 60 to 800 kilograms of paddy rice, equivalent to the worth of a month to a year's wages, for each additional child, and additionally, women who agreed to be sterilized were given bonuses of 120 to 400 kilograms of rice. [43], In 1986, the Party implemented the Renovation (Đổi Mới) Policy, which completely reversed the Communist Party economy to implement capitalistic market ideals. [24] Resources would be items such as income, and health insurance. Overall, China’s one-child policy may have worked too well and its reversal may have come too late, according to demographers and economists. [24], In May 2018, it was reported that Chinese authorities were in the process of ending their population control policies. This is what the Chinese government is most afraid of. 4:41. [65] Secondly, due to the higher costs of raising a child in some geographic areas of Vietnam, abortions have become more acceptable. It targeted the poor more than the rich. In the 1970s due to the rapidly rising population, it launched the "Two is Enough" campaign,[3] which reduced the general birth rate through educational means. One member of parliament called the exemption implementation 'inhumane and barbaric.' [64] Although sex-selective abortions were banned by the government in 2006,[64] there is evidence that suggests that son preference is associated with a higher likelihood of repeat abortions, as women with no sons were significantly less likely to have a repeat abortion compared to women with one son. They must sign a declaration reading: 'I believe the non-consensual conception exemption applies to my child.' [45] The goal of the policy was to reduce the Vietnamese fertility rate to the replacement level of 2.1[39] by 2015, so that the country could have a stable population in the mid-21st century. Most were still confused by how exactly the sweeping policy change would be implemented. Chinese women gave birth to 17.9 million babies in 2016 (a record value in the 21st century), but the number of births declined by 3.5% to 17.2 million in 2017,[21] and to 15.2 million in 2018. More than four months after the two-child policy was in… Because of the 36 year-long one-child policy and the shifts in mindsets it brought, currently there are many middle-aged workers in the labor force. A couple takes pictures with their baby on the Tiananmen Gate in Beijing November 2, 2015. Starting in 2006, the government's population control policy changed when Ahmadinejad called for reversal of Iran's existing policy of "two children is enough"[68] and later in 2012 Ayatollah Khamenei also stated that Iran's contraceptive policy made sense 20 years ago, "but its continuation in later years was wrong ... Scientific and experts studies show that we will face population aging and reduction (in population) if the birth-control policy continues. Feminists have pointed out the cuts disproportionately affect women. Although the policy excludes all but the first two children from all available benefits, an exemption can be applied for if the conception of the third and any further children occurred as a result of the rape of the claimant. The United Nations Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific found that the average number in household was 3.1 in 1998. As mentioned before, the government hopes that this new policy will aid the current labor deficit. According to China Daily, since January 1st 2016, 3.5 million women have had birth control apparatus removed and 15 million women are expected to follow. [58] On the other hand, some sources state that the impact of son preference varies by region of Vietnam. The results of the policy are questionable at best. They claim that the one-child program had little effect on birth rates or the size of the total population when one considers the large drop in fertility during the two-child decade preceding it and that other countries – such as Thailand and the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu – experienced notable fertility declines without official birth quotas. [26], In October 2012, the Conservative Party's proposed policy of only paying child benefit for the first two children of unemployed parents has been described as a 'two-child policy',[27] and has been fronted by the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and former leader of the Conservative Party Iain Duncan Smith.[28]. [56] There were also increased rates of "contraceptive failure" amongst couples who had a son, as families secretly removed an IUD to bypass the policy in hopes of having a son. [16] On 27 December 2015, the new law was passed in the session of the National People's Congress Standing Committee, which governs country's laws, effective from 1 January 2016. [21], After the reform, China saw a short-lived boost in fertility rate for 2016. For the insurance industry, more and more people are concerned about the health and safety of their families. Instead, it is a response to the one-child policy’s negative impact on the economy as the old age dependency ratio has increased. The overall rate of natural increase (the difference between the birth rate and the death rate) declined. The one-child policy has been accepted in China for a very long time, and very few times contested. At the current rate, China is heading towards huge fiscal deficit due to soaring pension expenses and increased medical costs. [3] The organization provides family planning advice, sex education, and birth control services to the general public of Hong Kong. [29] From February 2019 however the policy becomes retrospective. Ruth Graham, writing for Slate, summarises the issues surrounding this new policy thus: "The policy and the exemption have received harsh criticism from a wide variety of sources since they were announced in 2015. [8] (The colloquial term "births per woman" is usually formalized as the Total Fertility Rate (TFR), a technical term in demographic analysis meaning the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if she were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates through her lifetime. In British Hong Kong in the 1970s, citizens were also highly encouraged to have two children as a limit (although it was not mandated by law), and it was used as part of the region's family planning strategies. [66] When the family planning program was initiated, Iran's Health Ministry launched a nationwide campaign and introduced contraceptives - pills, condoms, IUDs, implants, tubal ligations, and more. 1 It was part of the second Five-Year National Family Planning Programme (1972–75) that was unveiled at the launch of the 1972 National Family Planning Campaign. The situation is stable for now, however, in a couple of years, these people will retire and require pensions and benefits. Effect of China's Universal Two-child Policy on the Rate of Cesarean Delivery: A Case Study of a Big Childbirth Center in China Curr Med Sci. Furthermore, later that year, Chief Executive Trương Tấn San stressed the need for continued diligence in population control and stated that the population of Vietnam should be 100 million people by 2020, and suggested that a new comprehensive Law on Population be introduced to the government by 2015. Driven by some evidence that this relaxation of the policy has not achieved a significant birth boosting effect, the Chinese government has started in 2018 to draft a proposed law that will remove all the limits on the number of children families can have [ 33 ]. ", "Tax credits: what are they, who claims them, and why is everyone so angry about the cuts? It has almost been one year since the two-child policy has been implemented. [39], From 1954 to 1975, Vietnam was split into North and South Vietnam along the 17th parallel with separate governments and policies in each region. In Singapore, the two-child policy until the 1980s was called "Stop at Two". By contrast, a study from 2011 used two rounds of the Chinese Population Census and found that the OCP has had a large negative effect on fertility; the average effect on post-treatment cohorts’ probability of having a second child is as large as -11 percentage points . [1][2], In British Hong Kong, the Eugenics League was founded in 1936, which became The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong in 1950. For example, there has been an increase in profit from the baby product industry, insurance industry, and medical industry. However, when contemplating on having another child, couples must apply and be approved by the government. Before, the Chinese mentality was “多子多福” which means, the more children you have, the happier you will be. [67] [52], However, the reported findings differ depending on the fertility model utilized and on the particular research study cited. The widespread sale of birth control devices will be permitted to facilitate their use by everybody that needs them,"[59] the only modern contraceptive readily available in Vietnam is the IUD. However, women have shown interest in a second child if the first child did not possess the desired gender. 2020 Apr;40(2):348-353. doi: 10.1007/s11596-020-2190-4. As part of the one child policy in China, … In 1985, the government increased incentives, such as contraceptives and abortion acceptors, and disincentives, such as penalties for violations in family planning. As for the medical industry, it is only logical that with an increase in population, there will be an increase of demand for medicine and hospital services. Tax allowances of 100,000 HK$ per child can be claimed for up to 9 children. [5] Furthermore, parents who have fallen into hardship can apply for special assistance from the state. This, along with incentives and restrictions against higher Muslim Uyghur fertility, was seen as attempt to counter the threat of Uyghur separatism. [50] The government is currently drafting a new Law on Population to replace the Population Ordinance in 2015. North Vietnam became the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and had a communist government, whereas South Vietnam became the Republic of Vietnam and was more aligned with the United States and other Western nations. [57] However, mothers who pursue certain occupations, such as government cadres and farmers, are more likely to want a particular sex of child and have higher sex-ratio differences at birth. Although the "Two is Enough" campaign found widespread approval, it does not reflect current government policy in supporting families. Because much of this research is based on the eff ects of the preceding policy, we start with an analysis of the impact and controversies surrounding the one-child policy. China’s Two-Child Policy Bloomberg News. -Give the country more time to prepare itself for the increase in its aging population. China eliminated its one-child policy in 2015, changing the law to allow couples to have two children. This was to come into force from the 2017/2018 financial year and apply to children born after that date only. ", "rape clause"/ What is the rape clause?, October 9, 2019, "Government under fire over new child tax credit form for rape victims", "The 'rape rule' for tax credits tramples the rights of children it's meant to protect", "This Cruel New U.K. Policy Punishes Women for Having More Than Two Children 378 69 618", "Bihar: New policy for population control to be ready soon", "The Evolution of Population Policy in Viet Nam", "Fertility rate, total (births per woman)", "Resolution of 1993 on Policy Concerning the Population and Family Planning Work", "An Overview of Population and Development in Vietnam", Prospects for Ahmadinejad’s Call for More Rapid Population Growth in Iran, "Ahmadinejad urges Iranian baby boom to challenge west", "Iran urges baby boom, slashes birth-control programs", China's One-Child Policy Is Over, But State Efforts to Regulate Procreation May Just Be Getting Started, Reproductive endocrinology and infertility, Birth control movement in the United States, Timeline of reproductive rights legislation. [22][23], In China, men still have greater marital power, which increases fertility pressure on their female partners. The potential effects of the universal two-child policy. The reason behind the implementation of the two-child policy is not to ensure the fulfillment of basic rights. Dominance would be described as who has the final say in pregnancy, who has to resign in their career for maternal/parental leave. [41] After the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1975 under the Communist Party, there was a governmental effort to extend the policies of the North to the rest of Vietnam, which extended into the next decade. [35] The policy emphasizes the official family-size goal to be một hoặc hai con, which means "one or two children. However, after the one-child policy was introduced, Chinese people began to realize that having one child and focusing all their time and resources giving him or her the best education is better than having several children with unequal opportunities. This is a means-tested financial benefit, which is not limited to a particular number of children either. In April 2015, David Cameron denied any such plans to cut child benefits or tax credits. After 1983, each family was required to limit the number of children to two. This reflects the pressure for government employees to adhere to the two-child limit, and the perceived necessity of males for manual labor in the farm. [56] Traditionally, men oversee and are responsible for household enterprises, managing agriculture, ancestral worship, and carrying on the family name. Thus, companies will face an increase in labor costs which will have a significantly negative affect on the current labor force situation. In 2019, Assam state introduced a policy whereby those having more than two children would ineligible for government jobs. Effects of the Two-Child Policy So Far In recent years, the Chinese economy has been slowing down. "[69], The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong, International Planned Parenthood Federation, National People's Congress Standing Committee, Bongaarts' model of components of fertility, United Nations Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific, "China to allow three children for all couples", History of the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong, History of International Planned Parenthood Federation, "Amount of Allowance for the Latest 7 years", "A GUIDE TO COMPREHENSIVE SOCIAL SECURITY ASSISTANCE", "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency", "计生委新闻发言人:11%以上人口可生两个孩子 (English: "Spokesperson of the one-child policy committee: 11% or more of the population may have two children)", "China's 'one-child' rethink marks symbolic shift", "Most Chinese provincial areas relax one-child policy - China - Chinadaily.com.cn", New rich challenge family planning policy, "The government in Xinjiang is trying to limit Muslim births", "News Analysis: Two-child policy calls for better public services - Xinhua | English.news.cn", "Top legislature amends law to allow all couples to have two children", "China officially ends one-child policy, signing into law bill allowing married couples to have two children", "China: 1 child policy ends officially, bill allowing 2nd child signed", "China's two-child policy may exacerbate gender inequality", "China is in a muddle over population policy", "China's birth rate falls to its lowest rate since 1961", https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-03/china-debate-over-shrinking-birth-rate-highlights-growth-concern, "Women's Fertility Autonomy in Urban China: The Role of Couple Dynamics Under the Universal Two-Child Policy", "No Easing of Two-Child Policy, Official Says - Caixin Global", "China to scrap family planning rules as birthrate dwindles", "Two-child benefits policy targets the strivers in low-paid jobs", "What is Iain Duncan Smith's two-child policy? Here are some of the major consequences of the policy. Jonathan Bradshaw is Emeritus Professor of S… [4] Concerned by the rapid growth of its population, China introduced its one-child policy in 1979. The number of babies born in China in 2016 jumped 7.9% from the previous year, according to government figures, a jump attributable to China's shift to a two-child policy. What affects has the two-child policy had on the Chinese economy and the mindset of the citizens? However, three months later, George Osborne, the then Chancellor, announced that child tax credits would be limited to the first two children only. It was announced in October 2015 that the one-child policy would be replaced by a universal two-child policy. [62] Generally, the abortion rate for young age groups is higher than older age groups due to a limited awareness of contraceptive methods and availability. China’s Two-Child Policy Bloomberg News, LISTEN TO ARTICLE. The Chinese government believes that the one-child policy was somewhat successful and that it prevented 400 million extra births throughout the years. The effects of China's universal two-child policy The introduction of the universal two-child policy. [36] Vietnam's family planning policy was developed before those of other countries, such as China and India. A two child policy has previously been used in several countries including Iran, Singapore, and Vietnam. A Chinese government policy allowing all couples to have two children led to an additional 5.4 million births in the first 18 months after it took effect. Updated on January 22, 2020, 4:46 AM EST 4:41. [65], There are multiple factors influencing Vietnam's high abortion rates. It is too soon to determine whether or not the two-child policy will help solve China’s demographic and economic problems. Epub 2020 Apr 26. [58] In fact, according to the Vietnamese census data for 1989 and 1999, the sex ratios of males to females at birth are actually decreasing. [25] The change in cultural norms appears to be having negative consequences and leads to fear of a large aging population with smaller younger generations; thus the lack of workforce to drive the economy. [62] Additionally, the Vietnamese government has insufficient alternatives to abortion within the family planning purposes and a lack of post-abortion contraceptive dialogues for families. A two-child policy is a government-imposed limit of two children allowed per family or the payment of government subsidies only to the first two children. The two-child policy took effect on 5 April 2017. On the contrary, the two-child policy has brought a decrease in sales of contraception. The total fertility rate in Hong Kong is currently 1.04 children per woman, one of the lowest in the world. [40] In 1963, North Vietnam began a policy advocating a two-child norm due to the sharp population increase of the largely poor and rural population. [35], The total fertility rate in Vietnam dropped from 5.6 in 1979 to 3.2 by 1993, suggesting the two-child policy was successful in containing the population growth. A United Nations committee on children’s rights asked the British government to explain the policy last year, because of concerns about women having to somehow prove they were raped."[33]. -Positively contribute to the baby product, insurance, and medical industries with an     increase in demand. The two-child policy is the worst ever social security policy because it results in unprecedented cuts to the living standards of the poorest children in Britain. [9] After a policy change of the Chinese government in late 2013, most Chinese provinces further relaxed the policy in 2014 by allowing families to have two children if one of the parents is an only child. First, because women do not have access to contraceptive methods besides IUDs, whilst condoms remain expensive relative to average income, as a result many do not use effective birth control. Since 2016, it has been re-implemented in China replacing the country's previous one-child policy. China's one-child policy is changing, and investors are looking for ways to cash in, but the reform might not have the effects that many anticipate. Both physically and mentally, it may be a hard transition. If the government needed to reduce the deficit, almost any other expenditure cut or tax increase would be less damaging. There has been a significantly high demand of baby products such as diapers and milk/powdered milk. The government used a system of information, education, communication (IEC) campaign and publicly accessible contraceptives to curb the population. Despite all the hopes of the government, since the two-child policy has been implemented, only 18% of the couples in China applied to the government for approval which indicates a low demand and indifference. But the effects of … This caused controversy as individuals protested the conflicting messages purported by the government in regards to their reproductive rights. Individuals of lower educational levels also have higher abortion rates. After nearly 36 years, the Chinese government decided to put an end to this policy and switch to a two-child policy from January 1st 2016. A woman wishing to claim this exemption must fill in an eight-page form: "The form requires women wanting to be eligible for the exemption to sign a declaration saying they were raped or otherwise coerced into sex – and giving the child’s name. From 1984–2002, it was under the control of National Committee for Population and Family Planning. GUWAHATI: The Assam government will bar those having more than two children from being elected or nominated to panchayat and other local bodies' elections or government jobs. Apart from the shift in mindset, the one-child policy had positive effects such as the increase in literacy rate and the increase in women in the labor force. The SRB has declined to normal level with the gradually liberalizing of Two-Child Policy in China. [62] Women who have undergone multiple abortions used short-term methods of contraceptives, such as condoms and contraceptive pills, which are less effective than long-acting contraceptives to which many do not have access.

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