[1] They are primarily an aquatic organism; highly abundant in sulfur-rich hot acid springs in Yellowstone National Park. Sulfolobus cells are irregularly shaped and flagellar.. Sulfolobus species are generally named after the location from which they were first isolated, e.g. A szerzők 2292 fehérje kódoló gént jósolnak. It grows optimally at 75 to 80°C and pH 2 to 3, under strictly aerobic conditions, on complex organic substrates, including yeast extract, tryptone, and Casamino Acids and a limited number of sugars. The active site geometry is shown in Figure 26. From the analysis of the mutations, it was possible to define three amino acids that determine the final chain length of the products. SaLrpB has a higher ordered oligomeric structure under such conditions wrapping the DNA around an octomeric core of SaLrpB (Vassart et al., 2013). When acidic springs are absent, solfatara soils and mud pots (due to the microbial oxidation of sulfuric acid) are heated by rising streams to various temperatures [3]. Hirofumi Kurokawa, Tanetoshi Koyama, in Comprehensive Natural Products II, 2010. To clone the GGPP synthase gene of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, Ohnuma et al.26 have developed an in vivo method for detecting the enzymatic activity by utilizing carotenoid biosynthesis genes of Erwinia uredovora88 to produce a red-colored clone expressing GGPP synthase activity. This stimulation was studied in an effort to clarify its mechanism and that of marker exchange itself. Journal of Bacteriology, July 1999. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences of the Unites States of America, November 2001. The viruses infect Sulfolobus to survive in the extremely acidic environment. “Pressure Perturbation and Differential Scanning Calorimetric Studies of Bipolar Tetraether Liposomes Derived from the Thermoacidophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius”. It is important to note that archaea have members of the Lrp/AsnC family that are responsive to lysine, which has not been noted among the bacteria (Brinkman et al., 2002; Yokoyama et al., 2007). A cytosine is also found four nucleotides 5′ to the break in 30 of 31 cleavage sites analyzed for D. amylolyticus reverse gyrase, and ATP has no effect on the cleavage pattern (Kovalsky et al., 1990). S. acidocaldarius (SaXPD) XPD was electrochemically studied using DNA-modified electrodes. The new vector system will facilitate the genetic studies of Sulfolobus, as well as other biotechnological uses, including overexpression and optimization of thermophilic enzymes that are not readily performed in mesophilic hosts [5]. Journal of Bacteriology, September 1989. Analysis of the amino acid sequence suggested that it is composed of an N-terminal helicase domain with an ATP binding site and a C-terminal domain related to eubacterial type I topoisomerases. Together, DSC and PPC reported the temperature-induced phase transitions, the associated ΔH and ΔV/V values, and the temperature dependence in PLFE liposomes [8]. Moreover, its sensitivity to a wide range of ribosomal antibiotics and ease of transformation has rendered Sulfolobus acidocaldarius a focus for in vivo genetic studies [1]. Thermopsin is an acid protease produced by a thermophilic archaeon, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Cell … Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is a thermoacidophilic archaeon that belongs to the kingdom Crenarchaeota. Although several ABC transporters for sugar uptake have been characterized in the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus, only one homologue of these transporters, … Journal of Bacteriology, July 2005. Piotr Tomasik, Derek Horton, in Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2012, Starch is a good source for the production of trehalose. The enzyme crystallized in the monoclinic spacegroup C2 with the cell dimensions a=168.1 A, b=91.3 A, c=85.7 A, beta=91.4 degrees. The 133 shorter genes appeared in multiple copies, there is a total of 95 different genes [1]. However, transcription was only repressed from the trpY promoter (Čuboňovà et al., 2007; Karr et al., 2008). The DNA helicase substrate used in the assay comprised of 20-mer double-stranded DNA duplex with 9-mer single-stranded overhang on the 5′ and 3′ end. Inteins were not found [1]. Earlier work showed that SaLrpB was encoded on a monocistronic message and was most abundant during the stationary growth phase (Enoru-Eta et al., 2000). Thermopsin hydrolyzes many proteins, which are all potential substrates for assay. It belongs to the archaea domain. Genes in pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways can be used as selectable markers for genetic manipulations as inactivation of these genes results in uracil auxotrophy. The literature on these regulators contains examples of autoregulation, activation, repression, global regulation of gene expression, and varying oligomeric forms (Brinkman et al., 2002; Enoru-Eta, Gigot, Thia-Toong, Glansdorff, & Charlier, 2000; Koike et al., 2004; Napoli et al., 1999; Okamura et al., 2007; Schwaiger et al., 2010; Vassart et al., 2013; Yokoyama et al., 2007, 2009). As in bacteria and eukaryotes, amino acid biosynthesis is tightly regulated and controlled by the organism's abilities to determine cellular concentrations of amino acids. [2], 3. This mutation produced a frameshift leading to a premature stop codon, truncating the normal protein product from 191 to 86 amino acid residues (Maezato et al., 2012). Genome Biology, 2006. As in the other two Sulfolobus genomes, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is encoded to carry the enzyme for metabolizing sulfur which yields sulfuric acid from hydrogen sulfide via a conserved sulfur locus [1]. 171(9): 5162–5164. In 2007, a series of Sulfolobus-Escherichia coli shuttle vectors were successfully constructed. In 1998 the long-known Bacillus subtilis inorganic pyrophosphatase was characterized and found to have much greater activity than the above enzymes, to have a completely different amino acid sequence, not to be inhibited by F− and to be activated by Mn2+.652–656 This form of the enzyme has since been recognized as being present in many more bacterial species. [11], 12. All enzymes except Y81P showed prenyltransferase activities to catalyze condensation of IPP with an allylic diphosphate. For the majority of nuclear proteins, the function of the Fe-S cluster is proposed to have a noncatalytic structural role in stabilizing the protein [54]. DNA sequencing of the pyrE/F locus in one of these isolates, termed PBL4001, showed a single-nucleotide deletion in its pyrE gene at nucleotide 243 relative to the start codon (Maezato et al., 2012). Ajay A. Vashisht, James A. Wohlschlegel, in Helicases from All Domains of Life, 2019. Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH A genomja nagyon stabil, kevés átrendeződés van a mobil elemek következtében ha van bármilyen. However, the reverse gyrase has the unique ability to couple ATP hydrolysis with the introduction of positive supercoils. Although viral particles are found attached to the cells, neither adsorption nor infection has been observed [7]. [61]. In the M. thermautotrophicus genome, trpY is transcribed divergently from an operon encoding genes involved in tryptophan biosynthesis (trpEGCFBAD). George Rice, Kenneth Stedman, Jamie Snyder, Blake Wiedenheft, Debbie Willits, Susan Brumfield, Timothy McDermott, and Mark J. These mutant enzymes, in which Tyr81 was replaced with Cys, His, Ile, Leu, Gln, Thr, or Val, all produced GFPP as the longest product. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius has facilitated archaeal cell cycle studies, not only with its very stable genome organization, but also its special ability to exchange chromosomal genes intercellularly and its capacity to grow synchronously in culture [1]. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius strain DSM639, the type strain of the archaeal genus Sulfolobus, was the first hyperthermoacidophile to be characterized from terrestrial solfataras by Brock et al. These results indicate that the mutated enzymes can catalyze the chain elongation beyond FPP. 67(10): 4773–4780. The gene coding for S. acidocaldarius has been cloned and sequenced (Confalonieri et al., 1993). A variety of experiments failed to identify a significant … More info for Species Archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius from a.2.11.1 Fe superoxide dismutase (FeSOD). “Glycogen-bound polyphosphate kinase from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius”. It is striking that ICLase copurifies with aconitase. The structures (protein and/or protein–DNA complexes) of a number of these amino acid responsive Lrp/AsnC family proteins from archaea have provided insight into their function and oligomeric states (Koike et al., 2004; Okamura et al., 2007; Yokoyama et al., 2007, 2009). Two MthTrpY variants, A128E and G149R, were commonly recovered in the mutant screen. The host cell recovers and remains lysogenic after the viral production; virus is thus released into nature [7]. coli shuttle vectors are very stable in hosts which make them suitable for the use in protein expression and reporter gene studies [5]. The citric acid cycle enzyme ICDHase is not phosphorylated upon growth in acetate. Lanming Chen, Kim Brügger, Marie Skovgaard, Peter Redder, Qunxin She, Elfar Torarinsson, Bo Greve, Mariana Awayez, Arne Zibat, Hans-Peter Klenk, and Roger A. Garrett. Thermopsin can withstand extreme acidity and high temperature. Silvia Berkner, Dennis Grogan, Sonja-Verena Albers, and Georg Lipps. D.C. Weatherburn, ... L.F. Lindoy, in Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II, 2003. S. solfataricus is able to grow on ethanol as sole carbon source. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, October 2001. The DNA-bound midpoint reduction potential was ~80 mV versus a normal hydrogen electrode, similar to glycosylases MutY and EndoIII from E. coli. A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, Archaea; Crenarchaeota; Thermoprotei; Sulfolobales; Sulfolobaceae; Sulfolobus, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is an aerobic thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon which grows optimally at 80°C and pH 2 in terrestrial solfataric springs. S. acidocaldarius was the first Sulfolobus species to be described, in 1972 by Thomas D. Brock and collaborators. This organism was originally isolated from the hot springs of Yellowstone Park and is best cultured in pH 2 at 70°C. 35(12): e88. The role of thermopsin in S. acidocaldarius appears to be of digestion of protein substrates in the medium to supply nutrients. "Sulfolobus acidocaldarius DSM 639". Sulfolobus serves as a host to lysogenic viruses. Perhaps by retaining tryptophan binding capabilities, MthTrpYG149R is able to sequester 5-methyl tryptophan, preventing its incorporation into proteins while allowing expression of the genes necessary for tryptophan biosynthesis. Sulfolobus species grow in volcanic springs with optimal growth occurring at pH 2-3 and temperatures of 75-80 °C, making them acidophiles and thermophiles respectively. Mutants that had replacement of Tyr81 with His showed the most efficient production of GGPP. Other C2 compounds such as glycine, glycolate, and glyoxylate do not sustain growth. In this model, the conductivity of DNA results from the π stacked core aromatic bases along the DNA length [58]. At some promoters, SaLrpB functions as an activator of transcription while serving as repressor at other promoters. In another study by Pugh et al. The reverse gyrases from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (Forterre et al., 1985; Nakasau and Kikuchi, 1985; Nadal et al., 1988) and Desulfurococcus amylolyticus (Slesarev, 1988) are similar in molecular mass (128 and 135 kDa, respectively) and reaction requirements for Mg2 +, Na+/K+, and ATP. Interestingly, the Δlrp strain did not aggregate as well as the wild-type strain upon UV exposure implicating SaLrpB in the regulation of genes whose products form an UV-induced pilus or are involved in the regulation of downstream genes whose products are important for DNA repair (Vassart et al., 2013). This chapter presents an overview of the structural chemistry and the biological aspects of thermopsin. All known PPiases require a divalent metal ion for catalysis, Mg2+ usually has the highest activity. FEBS Lett. NCBI Genome Project. Silvia Cardona, Francisco Remonsellez, Nicolas Guiliani, and Carlos A. Jerez. More info for Species Archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius from d.44.1.1 Fe superoxide dismutase (FeSOD). A number of in vivo and in vitro studies have examined regulation of tryptophan biosynthesis in M. thermautotrophicus (Mth) (Cafasso et al., 2010; Čuboňovà et al., 2007; Karr, Sandman, Lurz, & Reeve, 2008; Xie & Reeve, 2005). Yuk-Ching Tse-Dinh, in Advances in Pharmacology, 1994. PPK was not found to associate to any of the proteins bound to the glycogen-protein complex [9]. The FPP synthase gene of B. stearothermophilus was subjected to random mutagenesis by NaNO2 treatment to construct libraries of mutated FPP synthase genes. Solfatara soil is the home to Thiobacillus thiooxidans, as well as Sulfolobus acidocaldarius [3]. “Global analysis of mRNA stability in the archaeon Sulfolobus”. Andrea Martin, Siobhan Yeats, Davorin Janekovic, Wolf-Dieter Reiter, Wilhelm Aicher, and Wolfram Zillig. [3]. Knowledge on the stress response in When tested in vitro, these variants were able to bind the trpY, trpEGCFBAD and trpB2 promoters. possess a great metabolic versatility and grow heterotrophically on various carbon sources, such as different sugars and peptides. “Small multicopy, non-integrative shuttle vectors based on the plasmid pRN1 for Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and Sulfolobus solfataricus, model organisms of the (cren-)archaea”. "Sulfolobus acidocaldarius DSM 639". Genus: Thermoplasma. [1] They serve as a model organism for the Phylum Crenarchaeota and have been used for many studies in archaeal biology. [3], 4. The strictly aerobic organism also establishes itself in hot acid soils at temperatures 55-85°C. The thermoacidophiles Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 and S. acidocaldarius 98-3 are considered key model organisms representing a major phylum of the Crenarchaeota. ().It grows optimally at 75 to 80°C and pH 2 to 3, under strictly aerobic conditions, on complex organic substrates, including yeast extract, tryptone, and Casamino Acids and a limited number of sugars. Because maintaining current, accurate genome information is indispensable for modern biology, we have updated gene function annotation usin … The glycogen-protein complex of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius does not contain a PPK activity, what was previously reported as being glycogen-bound. When SaXPD was incubated with samples of normal and mismatched DNA, the protein showed preferential binding to the mismatch [62] similar to E. coli EndoIII [55]. The extremely thermostable superoxide dismutase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius was crystallized and the three-dimensional structure was determined by X-ray diffraction methods. These observations strongly indicate that the amino acid Tyr81 directly contacts the ω-terminal of the final (longest) product during the catalytic isoprenoid chain elongation. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius strain DSM639, the type strain of the archaeal genus Sulfolobus, was the first hyperthermoacidophile to be characterized from terrestrial solfataras by Brock et al. Shotgun sequencing was used to map the genome for Sulfolobus acidocaldarious strain DSM639. To investigate the role of Tyr81 of B. stearothermophilus FPP synthase, Ohnuma et al.90 constructed 19 mutant enzymes each of which has a different amino acid at position 81. This method has previously been used to isolate auxotrophic strains of yeast (Boeke, Trueheart, Natsoulis, & Fink, 1987), S. solfataricus (Martusewitsch, Sensen, & Schleper, 2000), Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (Hoang, Bini, Dixit, Drozda, & Blum, 2004; Kondo, Yamagishi, & Oshima, 1991), and Thermotoga maritima (White et al., 2017). Three independent X-ray crystallographic studies of XPD revealed that Fe-S cluster was bound to a unique insert between helicase domain 1 and 2 [8,50,51] forming a channel that can accommodate ssDNA. S. acidocaldarius is also able to grow, though very slowly, on acetate as sole carbon source and in these conditions the specific activity of both enzymes increases by a factor of two. After verifying that the pyrE mutation in PBL4001 was responsible for the uracil auxotrophic phenotype, this cell line was used as a host for further genetic manipulations in M. sedula. It is important to note, however, that mismatched DNA would not represent a physiological substrate for XPD. The protease was first described with its isolation and cloning. PubMed: 2996942. The thermoacidophilic archaeon PLFE lipids were observed and plotted under different temperatures and pH. This also indicates that thermopsin resists SDS denaturation. Therefore, the single-stranded region is probably the preferred DNA substrate for reverse gyrase, and its mechanism of DNA cleavage and strand passage should resemble to some degree that of the eubacterial topoisomerase I (Slesarev and Kozyavkin, 1990; Kovalsky et al., 1990). Archaeal Lrp/AsnC family members that bind amino acids. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius strain B12 is known to be a viral host [7]. . Members of the group Sulfolobales are found in solfataric fields, acidophilic mud springs and thermal active areas all around the world. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770) Carl B. Fliermans and Thomas D. Brock. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius Brock et al., 1972 Taxonomic Serial No. Their application as cocktails appeared more suitable than using these enzymes separately. Enzyme denaturation by alkaline or sodium dodecyl sulfate is required to observe DNA cleavage with linkage of the enzyme to the 5′ terminus (Forterre et al., 1989; Jaxel et al., 1989; Kovalsky et al., 1990). Isolation of M. thermautotrophicus mutants with resistance to the toxic tryptophan analog 5-methyl tryptophan shed light on the mechanisms of tryptophan binding and higher order oligomerization of MthTrpY. Nucleic Acids Research, June 2007. Most Crenarchaeota are hyperthermophiles with optimal growth temperatures above 80 °C. Vassart et al. From the libraries, mutants showing GGPP synthase activities were selected by the red–white screening method, and 11 red positive clones were obtained from 24 300 mutants.89 Each mutant was found to contain a few amino acid substitutions in the FPP synthase, which resulted in acquisition of the catalytic activity of synthesizing GGPP as well as FPP. In addition to increasing the affinity of SaLrpB to its own promoter in vitro, glutamate also increases the specificity of binding. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. DNA Topoisomerases: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Role of Human Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D (XPD) Helicase in Various Cellular Pathways, Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes (Second Edition), Volume 1, Natural Products Structural Diversity-I Secondary Metabolites: Organization and Biosynthesis, Transcription Regulation in the Third Domain, Ljungdahl & Daignan-Fornier, 2012; Wendisch, 2007, Brinkman, Ettema, de Vos, & van der Oost, 2003; Peeters & Charlier, 2010; Perez-Rueda & Janga, 2010, Brinkman et al., 2003; Peeters & Charlier, 2010, Brinkman et al., 2002; Enoru-Eta, Gigot, Thia-Toong, Glansdorff, & Charlier, 2000; Koike et al., 2004; Napoli et al., 1999; Okamura et al., 2007; Schwaiger et al., 2010; Vassart et al., 2013; Yokoyama et al., 2007, 2009, Brinkman et al., 2002; Yokoyama et al., 2007, Koike et al., 2004; Okamura et al., 2007; Yokoyama et al., 2007, 2009, Koike, Ishijima, Clowney, and Suzuki (2004), Brinkman, Bell, Lebbink, de Vos, and van der Oost (2002), Cafasso et al., 2010; Čuboňovà et al., 2007; Karr, Sandman, Lurz, & Reeve, 2008; Xie & Reeve, 2005, Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, Enhancement of Metallosphaera sedula Bioleaching by Targeted Recombination and Adaptive Laboratory Evolution, Boeke, Trueheart, Natsoulis, & Fink, 1987, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 192: 57-60, 1985. Purified thermopsin cannot be stained by Coomassie Blue or commonly used protein dyes after SDS–PAGE. In taxonomy, Sulfolobus is a genus of the Sulfolobaceae. Lrp regulators are diverse in their behavior. The S. acidocaldarius reverse gyrase activity is not detectable below 60°C and is optimal at 75°C. By studying less complex archaeal systems, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius serves as a model in the understanding of more intricate eukaryote systems. R Skórko, J Osipiuk, and K O Stetter. 133 short genes were identified by comparing all DNA sequence analysis with the other Sulfolobus genomes [1]. [1], 2. The stoichiometric binding of reverse gyrase to nicked circular duplex DNA in the absence of ATP results in a decrease of linking number of at least – 0.5 turn per molecule after covalent closure (Jaxel et al., 1989). The D. amylolyticus enzyme activity is maximum at 100°C, corresponding to the higher growth temperature for this extremely thermophilic archaebacterium. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. They reported polyphosphate kinase (PPK) activities could not be reproduced in 2001. This interaction in the catalytic site must be the critical step in determining the chain length of the product of prenyltransferase. Elizabeth A. Karr, in Advances in Applied Microbiology, 2014. The importance of the Fe-S cluster in the XPD homolog from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius was reported by Rudolf et al. In 2005, polar lipid fractiond (PLFE) were isolated from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius to be analyzed with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pressure perturbation calorimetry (PPC) for membrane packing and phase behaviors studies [8]. Anders F Andersson, Magnus Lundgren, Stefan Eriksson, Magnus Rosenlund, Rolf Bernander, and Peter Nilsson.

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